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Climate changes
Extreme weather refers to conditions that drastically deviate from normal patterns, often occurring with unusual intensity. These phenomena include heavy rainfall that leads to flooding, scorching heatwaves, violent storms, flash floods, prolonged droughts, hailstorms, and even snowfall in typically warm regions. As climate change accelerates, such events are becoming more frequent and severe, posing significant risks to communities and ecosystems.
A condition where air temperature drastically increases over a long period, potentially causing health issues like dehydration or heatstroke.
Caused by intense rainfall over a short period, leading to overflowing rivers and submerging of residential areas.
High-speed winds accompanied by heavy rain that can damage infrastructure and threaten public safety.
Periods of very low rainfall over an extended time, affecting agriculture and clean water supply.
Though rare in Indonesia, this condition can occur in highland areas and cause damage to crops and accidents.
One of the main drivers of extreme weather events is global climate change, which is largely fueled by global warming caused by the greenhouse effect. Human activities—such as burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and industrial emissions—release large amounts of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and methane into the atmosphere. These gases trap heat, raising the Earth’s average temperature and disrupting natural climate systems. As a result, we see more frequent and intense weather events, including floods, droughts, storms, and heatwaves across the globe.
El Niño and La Niña are natural climate patterns originating in the Pacific Ocean that significantly influence global weather. El Niño occurs when sea surface temperatures in the central and eastern Pacific become unusually warm, disrupting normal wind patterns and often causing droughts in some regions and floods in others. In contrast, La Niña is marked by unusually cold sea surface temperatures in the same region, which can intensify rainfall in certain areas and cause prolonged dry spells in others. Both phenomena contribute to unpredictable seasonal shifts and extreme weather events around the world.
Ecosystems such as forests, wetlands, and coral reefs are disrupted due to changes in temperature and precipitation.
Extreme rainfall causes landslides and floods, accelerating erosion and damaging landscapes.
Some species lose their habitats, experience local extinction, or are forced to migrate.
Extreme heat triggers dehydration, respiratory disorders, and waterborne diseases during floods.
Agricultural production declines, infrastructure is damaged, and disaster recovery costs are very high.
Communities affected by extreme weather may be displaced, lose their homes, and face resource conflicts.
Indonesia’s Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysical Agency (BMKG) reports a significant annual increase in extreme weather events, such as intense rainfall, prolonged droughts, whirlwinds, and hailstorms. Several regions are particularly vulnerable, including Kalimantan (forest fires and droughts), East Nusa Tenggara or NTT (water scarcity and dry seasons), Jakarta (urban flooding and extreme rainfall), and West Sumatra (landslides and flash floods).
Intense rainfall combined with a failed embankment led to severe flooding across several sub-districts in Demak. According to Kompas, over 21,000 residents were displaced, with many seeking refuge in temporary shelters. Access to public services, including schools and main roads, was disrupted for weeks, making this one of the largest flood-related evacuations in early 2024.
On March 5, continuous torrential rains saturated hillsides in Sumedang, triggering landslides that buried homes and blocked major roadways. As reported by Tempo, the extreme weather affected at least four districts, causing both infrastructure damage and loss of life. Emergency responses were hindered by persistent rain and unstable terrain.
To mitigate the impact of extreme weather, the Indonesian government has introduced several key regulations and action plans:
BMKG is developing real-time weather prediction technology and community education programs in vulnerable areas.
Replanting critical forests helps reduce flood and landslide risks through several ecological functions:
Flood-resistant building designs, reinforced roads, and drainage systems are being implemented in vulnerable areas.
Communities are beginning to use renewable energy sources and reduce private vehicle usage.
Weather prediction apps and satellite monitoring assist in faster decision-making.
Zero waste campaigns and reforestation have become part of public lifestyle initiatives.
Communities take part in tree-planting, cleaning rivers, and climate education activities.
Using public transportation, conserving electricity, and consuming locally sourced goods help lower carbon footprints.
Schools across Indonesia have begun integrating climate change topics into science and geography classes, including lessons on global warming, extreme weather patterns, and disaster preparedness drills to help students understand and respond to environmental challenges.
Mass and social media actively spread information on extreme weather and how to deal with it.
Developing countries face significant challenges in adapting to extreme weather due to limited access to technology, funding, and institutional capacity. Unlike developed nations that can invest in advanced infrastructure, early warning systems, and climate-resilient urban planning, many developing countries lack the financial and technical resources to implement similar measures.
This inequality makes it harder for vulnerable populations to prepare for and recover from disasters such as floods, droughts, or hurricanes. Efforts to close this gap include increasing international climate financing, strengthening technology transfer partnerships, and empowering local communities through education and capacity-building programs.
Budget constraints hinder infrastructure development and post-disaster recovery.
Researchers estimate that extreme weather events—such as heatwaves, hurricanes, floods, and droughts—will become more frequent and intense due to the continued rise in global temperatures. As greenhouse gases accumulate in the atmosphere, they trap more heat, disrupting weather patterns and amplifying natural climate variability. For example, warmer oceans provide more energy for tropical storms, while higher air temperatures increase the likelihood of prolonged heatwaves and droughts. Climate models consistently show that without significant emission reductions, these extreme events will occur more often, last longer, and cause greater damage to ecosystems and human societies.
Global cooperation in emissions reduction and technology transfer is vital to tackling extreme weather and climate change. For example, agreements like the Paris Agreement encourage countries to set emissions targets and share progress transparently. Programs such as the Green Climate Fund (GCF) help transfer clean energy technologies and provide climate finance to developing countries. Additionally, international research collaborations—like the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)—enable countries to share scientific data, forecasting models, and best practices for adaptation and disaster resilience.
Extreme weather is a real threat to both the environment and society. A combination of climate change, human activity, and lack of mitigation worsens the impact. Collective awareness and concrete actions are key to sustainably facing this challenge.
Jejakin’s green programs combine high-tech monitoring, biodiversity restoration, and community-led initiatives to deliver powerful, sustainable change across ecosystems.
